Preharvest and postharvest factors related to off-odours of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce

The influence of different preharvest and postharvest factors affecting off-odour development of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in low-O₂ modified atmospheres (MA) was investigated. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce developed undesirable off-odours under low O₂ and elevated CO₂ atmospheres. A strong relationship between CO₂ concentration and off-odour development was observed. Significant differences in off-odour development existed among different cultivars in two harvests in consecutive years. The influence of maturity stage was evaluated, comparing fresh-cut product from immature and over-mature heads with commercial ones. Higher CO₂ concentrations and higher accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde were detected in the headspace of MA-packed lettuce from immature heads. Differences in respiration rate of the fresh-cut product from heads cultivated during the winter–spring seasons were around 30%. Respiration rate of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce increased when medium temperature during cultivation increased. Changes in the product weight generated different CO₂ levels which correlated with the production of ethanol and acetaldehyde and other off-odour metabolites related with the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway such as hexanal, 1-hexanol, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol. Volatile compounds such as cis-3-hexen-1-ol, β-elemene, ethyl acetate and dimethyl sulphide increased their content more than 10 times compared with other volatiles. Moreover, differences in the initial flushed gas-mixture with or without CO₂ showed higher CO₂ concentrations and the development of stronger off-odours when samples were flushed with an enriched CO₂ gas-mixture. In summary, visual quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce is important but so are odour and flavour. MAP currently used for fresh-cut lettuce may need some modification to inhibit off-odours and achieve better aroma and flavour qualities for preserving “freshness” of the cut product. Screening for cultivars with low browning potential and fermentation, harvested at optimum maturity stage and with an adequate package design are recommended.     

硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物的合成及应用

【目的】合成一种对霉酚酸具有特异性识别的分子印迹聚合物吸附材料,用于青贮饲料中霉酚酸的净化、富集和分析检测。【方法】以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)改性的硅胶为载体、霉酚酸酯为虚拟模板,合成硅胶表面接枝分子印迹聚合物,采用扫描电镜对制备材料进行表征,通过平衡吸附试验评价材料吸附特性。建立基于合成的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取-高效液相色谱(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测青贮饲料中霉酚酸。【结果】改性硅胶表面成功包裹一层印迹聚合物。静态吸附试验表明,印迹材料饱和吸附量为4.5 mg/g;动态吸附试验表明,该材料吸附速率快,60 min内即达到吸附平衡。基于该印迹材料作为固相萃取吸附剂建立了HPLC法,霉酚酸的回收率为76.0%～81.2%,相对标准偏差小于7%,检测限达60μg/kg。【结论】制备的硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物可特异性吸附霉酚酸,建立的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取–HPLC法可用于日常青贮饲料中霉酚酸的分析测定,了解青贮饲料被霉菌毒素污染的状况。研究结果可为青贮饲料的质量安全控制提供指导。     

外生菌根菌肥对白皮松光响应的影响1）

为研究外生菌根对白皮松（ Pinus bungeana）光合作用的影响,设置200、400、600 mL 3个菌肥剂量,干施、湿施2种施用方式,采用Li－6400便携式光合测定系统,测定田间8年生白皮松苗的光响应曲线。结果表明：直角双曲线修正模型适合白皮松光响应曲线的拟合。施用菌肥显著提高了白皮松的光合生理特性,表现为净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均显著高于对照;不同程度地提高了表观量子效率、最大净光合速率和光饱和点,并降低了暗呼吸速率和光补偿点。菌肥剂量与光合作用间无明显规律;施肥方式中,湿施处理比干施处理更能提高白皮松叶片的光合特性。各处理组在促进白皮松光合作用上,200 mL施肥量、湿施的处理方式效果最优。     

仿古涂饰工艺对改性杨木漆膜表面粗糙度的影响

以试件轮廓算数平均值作为表面粗糙度的判别标准,采用格丽斯仿古涂饰工艺对改性杨木进行表面涂饰,分析涂饰工艺对改性杨木表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:砂纸目数对改性杨木表面漆膜粗糙度影响最大,底漆喷涂道数影响最小。漆膜粗糙度优化工艺条件为底漆喷涂道数2道、砂纸目数240目、素材修色喷涂道数1道、表面修色道数1道。     

沸石的有机改性及其对苯酚的吸附机制研究

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对人造沸石进行了改性,并研究了其对苯酚吸附性能.结果表明:将人造沸石用于处理含酚废水,必须先活化;活化沸石对CTMAB的吸附等温线类似于Langmuir型吸附;改性条件为:20℃,质量浓度为5 g/L的CTMAB溶液,间歇振荡24 h.改性沸石对水中苯酚的吸附规律较好的符合Henry吸附等温式,吸附作用机制为苯酚在沸石表面的有机相和溶液中的分配及双分子层正电性表面与苯酚之间的静电吸附作用.温度升高,吸附量减少.     

响应面法优化当归补血汤液体发酵工艺

为确定当归补血汤液体发酵的最佳工艺,本试验采用枯草芽孢杆菌为发酵菌种,以多糖提取率为评价指标进行液体发酵工艺优化。首先采用单因素试验考察发酵培养基中葡萄糖和蛋白胨添加量、菌液接种量和发酵时间对多糖提取率的影响,再以此为基础,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计法,选取葡萄糖添加量、蛋白胨添加量、接种量、发酵时间为发酵优化的4个因素,以多糖提取率为响应值,设计4因素3水平的试验方案并进行响应面分析,以确定各因素与响应值多糖提取率的关系。结果显示,各因素对多糖提取率变化的贡献大小依次为葡萄糖添加量、蛋白胨添加量、接种量、发酵时间;利用响应面分析结果显示,蛋白胨添加量与接种量和发酵时间、接种量和发酵时间的交互作用较为显著,最终确定最佳发酵工艺条件为：葡萄糖添加量0.95%,蛋白胨添加量1.52%,接种量2.92%,发酵时间35.8 h。该条件下多糖提取率达到9.23%,与未发酵组（4.62%）相比,多糖含量提高近2倍。该工艺对液体发酵当归补血汤产多糖优化效果显著,为发酵当归补血汤的进一步开发利用提供了理论基础。     

苹果低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用研究

利用0.12mm聚乙烯薄膜大帐进行低氧气调新组合的较大规模应用试验,对2394kg玫瑰红苹果进行低氧处理,帐内O2浓度可下调至约2%,CO2浓度可自动维持在5%～8%的较理想状态,处理结束后很易转为MA自发气调。低氧处理后再MA贮藏的苹果,虎皮病果率低、症状轻,腐烂果少,果柄和果皮新鲜,叶绿素保持效果好,果肉硬度明显高于小包装气调和冷藏对照。说明利用塑膜大帐进行前期低氧新组合处理与后期自发气调、实现低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用是可行的。     

New gene-based approaches for an AIDS vaccine

Vaccine approaches against AIDS have focused on inducing cellular immune responses, since many studies revealed the role of T cell responses in the control of human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. The experimental infection of rhesus macaques with SIV or chimeric SHIV is routinely used as a model for AIDS. In such models, DNA immunization is a tool to elicit specific T cell responses and to study their protective efficacy. DNA immunogenicity in primates depends on parameters such as level of antigen expression, choice of the antigen among SIV proteins, use of fusion proteins, route of immunization, and addition of adjuvants. Recent results suggest that priming with DNA and boosting with attenuated recombinant viral vectors, each expressing corresponding SIV antigens, leads to improved specific immunity and, in some cases, affords protection against pathogenic challenge. After preclinical evaluations, DNA has entered clinical trials for a therapeutic or prophylactic gene-based AIDS vaccine.     

加味大柴胡汤对阻塞性黄疸老年大鼠TRPC1表达的影响

目的 探讨加味大柴胡汤在临床上辅助治疗老年阻塞性黄疸的理论机制。方法 通过结扎胆总管的外科手术方法建立阻塞性黄疸老年大鼠模型,实验分为假手术组、模型组、加味大柴胡汤组,予以相应干预,分3、7、10 d共3个时间段,每组10只SPF级老年SD大鼠,在各时间段取老年大鼠肝组织及心脏血,检测AST、ALT及TBA;采用钙离子试剂盒检测老年鼠肝组织匀浆钙离子浓度;采用Western Blot法检测老年鼠肝组织TRPC1蛋白的表达,采用Tunel法观察肝细胞凋亡情况。结果 造模成功后各时间点模型组、加味大柴胡汤组与假手术组比较,ALT、AST、TBA和Ca²⁺浓度均升高,且模型组上升更明显（P<0.01）,模型组、加味大柴胡汤组的TRPC1的蛋白含量也均高于假手术组（P<0.01）,且加味大柴胡汤组肝细胞的凋亡率低于模型组（P<0.01）。结论 梗阻性黄疸老年大鼠TRPC1表达明显升高,加味大柴胡汤下调TRPC1的表达,可能是其降低钙超载,减少肝细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

杨木材性对酚醛树脂浸渍改性材的影响

采用低分子量酚醛树脂对速生杨木进行浸渍处理、干燥定型,使树脂固化制得改性材。试验表明：低分子量酚醛树脂对杨木具有较好的浸注性,改性材的密度和力学强度均有明显的提高,两组试件改性后浸注性和密度相差不大,但前期经过热水处理的试件改性后密度相对均匀,力学强度略好于直接浸渍的试件。杨木自身材性对改性后物理力学性能的影响各不相同,在实际生产中要根据指标的重要性程度选取最佳方案。